Packages we will use
Llibrary(unvotes)
library(lubridate)
library(tidyverse)
library(magrittr)
library(bbplot)
library(waffle)
library(stringr)
library(wordcloud)
library(waffle)
library(wesanderson)Last September 17th 2021 marked the 30th anniversary of the entry of North Korea and South Korea into full membership in the United Nations. Prior to this, they were only afforded observer status.
The Two Koreas Mark 30 Years of UN Membership: The Road to Membership
Let’s look at the types of voting that both countries have done in the General Assembly since 1991.
First we can download the different types of UN votes from the unvotes package
un_votes <- unvotes::un_roll_calls
un_votes_issues <- unvotes::un_roll_call_issues
unvotes::un_votes -> country_votes Join them all together and filter out any country that does not have the word “Korea” in its name.
un_votes %>%
inner_join(un_votes_issues, by = "rcid") %>%
inner_join(country_votes, by = "rcid") %>%
mutate(year = format(date, format = "%Y")) %>%
filter(grepl("Korea", country)) -> korea_unFirst we can make a wordcloud of all the different votes for which they voted YES. Is there a discernable difference in the types of votes that each country supported?
First, download the stop words that we can remove (such as the, and, if)
data("stop_words") Then I will make a North Korean dataframe of all the votes for which this country voted YES. I remove some of the messy formatting with the gsub argument and count the occurence of each word. I get rid of a few of the procedural words that are more related to the technical wording of the resolutions, rather than related to the tpoic of the vote.
nk_yes_votes <- korea_un %>%
filter(country == "North Korea") %>%
filter(vote == "yes") %>%
select(descr, year) %>%
mutate(decade = substr(year, 1, 3)) %>%
mutate(decade = paste0(decade, "0s")) %>%
# group_by(decade) %>%
unnest_tokens(word, descr) %>%
mutate(word = gsub(" ", "", word)) %>%
mutate(word = gsub('_', '', word)) %>%
count(word, sort = TRUE) %>%
ungroup() %>%
anti_join(stop_words) %>%
mutate(word = case_when(grepl("palestin", word) ~ "Palestine",
grepl("nucl", word) ~ "nuclear",
TRUE ~ as.character(word))) %>%
filter(word != "resolution") %>%
filter(word != "assembly") %>%
filter(word != "draft") %>%
filter(word != "committee") %>%
filter(word != "requested") %>%
filter(word != "report") %>%
filter(word != "practices") %>%
filter(word != "affecting") %>%
filter(word != "follow") %>%
filter(word != "acting") %>%
filter(word != "adopted") Next, we count the number of each word
nk_yes_votes %<>%
count(word) %>%
arrange(desc(n))We want to also remove the numbers
nums <- nk_yes_votes %>% filter(str_detect(word, "^[0-9]")) %>% select(word) %>% unique()And remove the stop words
nk_yes_votes %<>%
anti_join(nums, by = "word")Choose some nice colours
my_colors <- c("#0450b4", "#046dc8", "#1184a7","#15a2a2", "#6fb1a0",
"#b4418e", "#d94a8c", "#ea515f", "#fe7434", "#fea802")And lastly, plot the wordcloud with the top 50 words
wordcloud(nk_yes_votes$word,
nk_yes_votes$n,
random.order = FALSE,
max.words = 50,
colors = my_colors)
If we repeat the above code with South Korea:
There doesn’t seem to be a huge difference. But this is not a very scientfic approach; I just like the look of them!
Next we will compare the two countries how many votes they voted yes, no or abstained from…
korea_un %>%
group_by(country, vote) %>%
count() %>%
mutate(count_ten = n /25) %>%
ungroup() %>%
ggplot(aes(fill = vote, values = count_ten)) +
geom_waffle(color = "white",
size = 2.5,
n_rows = 10,
flip = TRUE) +
facet_wrap(~country) + bbplot::bbc_style() +
scale_fill_manual(values = wesanderson::wes_palette("Darjeeling1"))
Next we can look more in detail at the votes that they countries abstained from voting in.
We can use the tidytext function that reorders the geom_bar in each country. You can read the blog of Julie Silge to learn more about the functions, it is a bit tricky but it fixes the problem of randomly ordered bars across facets.
https://juliasilge.com/blog/reorder-within/
korea_un %>%
filter(vote == "abstain") %>%
mutate(issue = case_when(issue == "Nuclear weapons and nuclear material" ~ "Nukes",
issue == "Arms control and disarmament" ~ "Arms",
issue == "Palestinian conflict" ~ "Palestine",
TRUE ~ as.character(issue))) %>%
select(country, issue, year) %>%
group_by(issue, country) %>%
count() %>%
ungroup() %>%
group_by(country) %>%
mutate(country = as.factor(country),
issue = reorder_within(issue, n, country)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(issue, n), y = n)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity", width = 0.7, aes(fill = country)) +
labs(title = "Abstaining UN General Assembly Votes by issues",
subtitle = ("Since 1950s"),
caption = " Source: unvotes ") +
xlab("") +
ylab("") +
facet_wrap(~country, scales = "free_y") +
scale_x_reordered() +
coord_flip() +
expand_limits(y = 65) +
ggthemes::theme_pander() +
scale_fill_manual(values = sample(my_colors)) +
theme(plot.background = element_rect(color = "#f5f9fc"),
panel.grid = element_line(colour = "#f5f9fc"),
# axis.title.x = element_blank(),
# axis.text.x = element_blank(),
axis.text.y = element_text(color = "#000500", size = 16),
legend.position = "none",
# axis.title.y = element_blank(),
axis.ticks.x = element_blank(),
text = element_text(family = "Gadugi"),
plot.title = element_text(size = 28, color = "#000500"),
plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 20, color = "#484e4c"),
plot.caption = element_text(size = 20, color = "#484e4c"))
South Korea was far more likely to abstain from votes that North Korea on all issues
Next we can simply plot out the Human Rights votes that each country voted to support. Even though South Korea has far higher human rights scores, North Korea votes in support of more votes on this topic.
korea_un %>%
filter(year < 2019) %>%
filter(issue == "Human rights") %>%
filter(vote == "yes") %>%
group_by(country, year) %>%
count() %>%
ggplot(aes(x = year, y = n, group = country, color = country)) +
geom_line(size = 2) +
geom_point(aes(color = country), fill = "white", shape = 21, size = 3, stroke = 2.5) +
scale_x_discrete(breaks = round(seq(min(korea_un$year), max(korea_un$year), by = 10),1)) +
scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0, 0), limits = c(0, 22)) +
bbplot::bbc_style() + facet_wrap(~country) +
theme(legend.position = "none") +
scale_color_manual(values = sample(my_colors)) +
labs(title = "Human Rights UN General Assembly Yes Votes ",
subtitle = ("Since 1990s"),
caption = " Source: unvotes ")
All together:
R Functions and Packages for Political Science Analysis 